6.+Political+Outcomes

Political Outcomes

Discuss the links between the diminishing effectiveness of political borders and the flow of goods, capital, labour and ideas and the role of one multi governmental organization. (The EU) Loss of sovereignty: The diminishing effectiveness of political borders on the flows of goods, capital, labour & ideas, & the role of multi-governmental organizations. The shift of power from nation states to TNCs as a result of economic size and dominance. The wealth of TNCs compared with nation states. Trade blocs [] What is the EU? [] 50 years of EU History in 5 mins [] Real face of the EU [|http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=62612529763293088#] (42 Mins)

**Traditionally politics has been undertaken within national political systems. National governments have been ultimately responsible for maintaining the security and economic welfare of their citizens, as well as the protection of human rights and the environment within their borders. With global ecological changes, an ever more integrated global economy, and other global trends, political activity increasingly takes place at the global level.** **Under globalization, politics can take place above the state through political integration schemes such as the European Union and through intergovernmental organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization. Political activity can also transcend national borders through global movements and NGOs. Civil society organizations act globaly by forming alliances with organizations in other countries, using global communications systems, and lobbying international organizations and other actors directly, instead of working through their national governments.** ====When nations join with others in a trade or political bloc, they give up some national sovereignty. The European Union started out as a free trade zone and built considerable political integration over a period of several decades. But the EU is far from a unified state and far from a satisfactory Europe-wide democratic order, while substantial sovereignty still remains with the EU's member governments. In a globalizing world, nations feel pressure to join trade and political pacts. Often, these international groupings erode national democracy while offering diminished accountability at the wider policy-making level. How, then, can trade pacts be subject to democratic accountability and how can integration proceed without losing the advantages of smaller-scale political process? The internationalists may be naive enthusiasts, while the nationalists may often be bigoted and reactionary. But somewhere in this debate lie the core issues of governance in a globalizing and integrating planet.====

Eg euro
How the EU has grown: 1957 It started with six members as the EEC (European Economic Community) 1973 It expanded to 9 countries, this is when the UK joined. 1981 Greece joined, so there were 10 members. 1986 Spain and Portugal joined to make it 12 EU countries. The European Union was formally established when the [|Maastricht Treaty] came into force on 1 November 1993, and in 1995 Austria, Sweden, and Finland joined the newly established EU. In 2002, euro notes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Since then, the eurozone has increased to encompass seventeen countries. In 2004, the EU saw [|its biggest enlargement to date] when Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary joined the Union.[|[34]] On 1 January 2007, Romania and Bulgaria became the EU's newest members. In the same year Slovenia adopted the euro,[|[34]] followed in 2008 by Cyprus and Malta, by Slovakia in 2009 and by Estonia in 2011. In June 2009, the [|2009 Parliament elections] were held leading to a renewal of Barroso's Commission Presidency, and in July 2009 Iceland formally applied for EU membership. []

List of top brands and their values 2010 [] Country list by GDP [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)]

World ruled by TNCs []

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BBC news & vid clip 13 mins [] [] []
 * Turkey Nationalism**

Anti Globalisation – Seattle news report 1999 3 mins []

Prague []

Try to find an example of where a TNC has become more powerful than the government. For example you might find an example of where a mining company has built infrastructure. Infrastructure development would normally be the responsibility of the government, but a mining company may decide to invest if they feel that they will benefit. – Hence effectively transferring the power from the government. It is likely that the government will still be able to exercise some control, but if the mining company is paying, then the government are more likely to allow them to develop as they want. Try to find 1 MEMORABLE eg. This only needs to be one or two sentences. You will be expected to read it out at the beginning of next lesson. Syllabus Ref: Discuss the shift of power from nation state to TNCs as a result of their economic size and dominance. Compare the wealth of TNCs with that of nation states.

STARTER qu Discuss List of top brands and their values 2010 [] Top 5 Coca cola valued at $70, 452, 000, 000 (GDP of Bangladesh is approx $90 Billion) IBM $64,727, 000, 000 Microsoft $60,895, 000, 000 Google $43,557, 000, 000 GE $42,808, 000, 000 []
 * Which is more important – Coke or Bangladesh?

2010 2010 figs IMF [|United States] $14,624,184, 000, 000 [| China] $5,745,133, 000, 000 Japan $5,390,897, 000, 000 Germany $3,305,898, 000, 000 [|France] $2,555,439, 000, 000 Bangladesh $90, 000, 000, 000 See []

TNCs From [] Transnational corporations exert significant influence over the domestic and foreign policies of the Northern industrialized government that host them. Surprise! Indeed, the interests of the most powerful governments in the world are often intimately intertwined with the expanding pursuits of the transnationals that they charter. At the same time, //transnational corporations are moving to circumvent national governments //. The borders and regulatory agencies of most governments are caving in (or being paid off) to the [|**New World Order**] of globalization,//allowing corporations to assume an ever more stateless quality, leaving them less and less accountable to any government anywhere//. World ruled by TNCs [] []

** Transnational Corporations exert a great deal of power in the globalized world economy. Many corporations are richer and more powerful than the states that seek to regulate them. Through mergers and acquisitions corporations have been growing very rapidly and some of the largest TNCs now have annual profits exceeding the GDPs of many low and medium income countries. This page explores how TNCs dominate the global economy and exert their influence over global policymaking. ** [] [] worlds 100 largets corporation
 * 1) 1. Of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations; only 49 are countries (based on a comparison of corporate sales and country GDPs).
 * 2) 2. The Top 200 corporations' sales are growing at a faster rate than overall global economic activity. Between 1983 and 1999, their combined sales grew from the equivalent of 25.0 percent to 27.5 percent of World GDP.
 * 3) 3. The Top 200 corporations' combined sales are bigger than the combined economies of all countries minus the biggest 10.
 * 4) 4. The Top 200s' combined sales are 18 times the size of the combined annual income of the 1.2 billion people (24 percent of the total world population) living in "severe" poverty.
 * 5) 5. While the sales of the Top 200 are the equivalent of 27.5 percent of world economic activity, they employ only 0.78 percent of the world's workforce.
 * 6) 6. Between 1983 and 1999, the profits of the Top 200 firms grew 362.4 percent, while the number of people they employ grew by only 14.4 percent.
 * 7) 7. A full 5 percent of the Top 200s' combined workforce is employed by Wal-Mart, a company notorious for union-busting and widespread use of part-time workers to avoid paying benefits. The discount retail giant is the top private employer in the world, with 1,140,000 workers, more than twice as many as No. 2, DaimlerChrysler, which employs 466,938.
 * 8) 8. U.S. corporations dominate the Top 200, with 82 slots (41 percent of the total). Japanese firms are second, with only 41 slots.
 * 9) 9. Of the U.S. corporations on the list, 44 did not pay the full standard 35 percent federal corporate tax rate during the period 1996-1998. Seven of the firms actually paid less than zero in federal income taxes in 1998 (because of rebates). These include: Texaco, Chevron, PepsiCo, Enron, Worldcom, McKesson and the world's biggest corporation - General Motors.
 * 10) 10. Between 1983 and 1999, the share of total sales of the Top 200 made up by service sector corporations increased from 33.8 percent to 46.7 percent. Gains were particularly evident in financial services and telecommunications sectors, in which most countries have pursued deregulation.

Key points from geog alltheway Dominance of TNCs – the food industry Case study []


 * 60 percent of terminal grain handling facilities are owned by four companies: Cargill, Cenex Harvest States, ADM and General Mills.
 * 82 percent of corn exporting is concentrated in three companies: Cargill, ADM and Zen Noh.
 * Beef packing is dominated by an 81 percent share among four companies: Tyson, ConAgra, Cargill and Farmland Nation.
 * 61 percent of flour milling capacity is owned by four companies: ADM, ConAgra, Cargill and General Mills